Physiological Diseases Part 1

What is Physiological Disease?

 Physiological disorders are diseases that affect the way the body functions. Examples: diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, leukemia, and coronary arteries.

Physiological disease

Examples Of Physiological Disease:

Diabetes:

Diabetes is a chronic (long-term) condition that affects how your body converts food into energy. 

 Most of the food you eat is broken down into sugar (also called glucose) and released into the bloodstream. When the blood sugar level rises, it signals the pancreas to release insulin. Insulin acts as the key to getting blood sugar into your body's cells and using it as energy. 

 In the case of diabetes, the body does not produce enough insulin or does not use it properly. If you are deficient in insulin, or if your cells stop responding to insulin, you have too much blood sugar left in your bloodstream. Over time, this can lead to serious health problems such as heart disease, loss of vision, and kidney disease. 

 There is no cure for diabetes, but weight loss, a healthy diet, and exercise can help. You can also reduce the impact of diabetes on your life by taking medications as needed, receiving self-management education and support for diabetes, and seeing a doctor.

Diabetes In Human Beings

Types of Diabetes:

There are Four types Of Diabetes.

• Type 1 Diabetes
• Type 2 Diabetes
• Gestational Diabetes
• Prediabetes

Type 1 Diabetes:

Type 1 diabetes is a condition in which the immune system destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. These are called beta cells. The disease is usually diagnosed in children and adolescents. For this reason, it was formerly known as juvenile diabetes. 

 A condition called secondary diabetes is similar to type 1, but beta cells are being wiped out by something else, such as illness or pancreatic damage, rather than the immune system. 

 Both are different from type 2 diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, the body does not respond to insulin. 

 

Symptoms of type 1 Diabetes: 

 The signs are often subtle but can be serious. These include: 

•  Extreme First 
•  Increased hunger (especially after eating) 
•  Thirst 
•  Stomach upset and vomiting 
•  Frequent urination 
•  Weight loss of unknown cause despite being hungry to eat 
•  Malaise 
•  Blurred view 
•  Heavy and painful breathing (your doctor may call this Kussmaul breathing) 
•  Frequent skin, urinary, or vaginal infections 
•  Grumpy or uneven mood  
•  Bedwetting for children with bedwetting

The signs of an emergency with type 1 diabetes are: 

•  Tremor and confusion 
•  Rapid breathing 
•  Breathtaking fruity scent 
•  Stomach pain 
•  Unconscious (rare) 

 Causes of type 1 diabetes: 

 Insulin is a hormone that helps move sugar or glucose to the tissues of the body. Your cells use it as fuel. 

 Damage to beta cells from type 1 diabetes slows down the process. Glucose does not enter your cells because insulin is not there to do the job. Instead, it accumulates in your blood and your cells starve. This causes hyperglycemia and can cause the following: 

 Dehydration the more sugar you have in your blood, the more pee you have. This is how your body gets rid of it. This urine excretes a large amount of water and dehydrates the body. Weight loss. 

The glucose that comes out when you pee takes calories with you. This is why many people with high blood sugar lose weight. Dehydration also plays a role. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). When your body can't get enough glucose for fuel, it breaks down fat cells instead. 

This produces a chemical called ketone. Your liver releases the sugar it stores to help. However, since your body cannot use it without insulin,  it accumulates in your blood along with acidic ketones.

 This mixture of excess glucose, dehydration, and acid accumulation is called ketoacidosis and can be life-threatening if not treated immediately. Damage to your body. Over time, high blood sugar levels can damage the nerves and small blood vessels of the eyes, kidneys, and heart.

 It is also prone to arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis, which can lead to a heart attack. 

There is no way to prevent type 1 diabetes. Doctors do not know all the causes. But you know that your genes play a role.

 

 We also know that if something around us, such as a virus, tells the immune system to attack the pancreas, it can lead to type 1 diabetes. Most people with type 1 diabetes have signs of this attack, called autoantibodies.

AutoAntiBodies In Human Beings

 They are found in almost everyone who suffers from hyperglycemia. 

 Type 1 diabetes can occur with other autoimmune diseases such as Graves' disease and vitiligo.

 Risk Factors for Type 1 Diabetes: 

 Only about 5% of diabetics are type 1. Men and women are equally affected. The risk of getting it is high if: 

 under the age of 20 

 It's white 

 Do you have a type 1 parent or sibling? 

 Diagnosis of type 1 diabetes: 

 If your doctor thinks you have type 1 diabetes, they will check your blood sugar levels. They can test your urine for glucose, or the chemicals your body makes when you don't have enough insulin.

Treatment of type 1 diabetes: 

 People with type 1 diabetes can lead a long and healthy life. You need to pay attention to your blood sugar level. Your doctor will give you a range of numbers to stay. Adjust insulin, diet, and activity as needed. 

 People with type 1 diabetes need to take insulin to control their blood sugar levels. 

 When a doctor talks about insulin, he specifically mentions three things. 
 "Onset" is the time it takes for insulin to reach the bloodstream and begin to lower blood sugar levels. "Peak time" is when you do most of your work in that insulin lowers your blood sugar.  "Duration" is the time that continues to function after the onset. There are several types of insulin available.

Insulin Used As A Treatment for Diabetes

 The fast-acting type starts operating in about 15 minutes. It peaks about 1 hour after ingestion and continues to work for 2-4 hours. Normal or short-term action is effective in about 30 minutes. The peak is 2-3 hours and operates for 3-6 hours. The interaction does not enter the bloodstream until 2-4 hours after injection. The peak is 4 to 12 hours and operates for 12 to 18 hours. It takes several hours for long-acting effects to affect the system and lasts for about 24 hours. 

 Doctors start by injecting two types of insulin twice daily. You may need more shots later. 

 Most insulin comes in small glass bottles called vials. They pull it out with a syringe that has a needle at the end and gives the syringes to each other. Some types are available with pre-filled pens. Another type is inhaled. It is also available from a pump, a device that is inserted into the body via a small tube. Your doctor will help you choose the type and method of administration that works best for you. 

Vials

 Lifestyle changes: 

 Exercise is an important part of Type 1 treatment. But it's not as easy as walking. Exercise affects blood sugar levels. Therefore, even simple chores around your home or garden need to balance your insulin dose with the food you eat. 

 Knowledge is power. Check your blood sugar before, during, and after your activity to see how your blood sugar affects you. Some things will raise your level. Others are not. You can lower your insulin and carb snacks to prevent them from falling too much. 

 If your blood sugar is high (above 240 mg / dL), test for ketones, which are ketones that can result from high sugar content. If they are okay, you should be okay to go. If they are high, skip training.

You also need to understand how food affects blood sugar levels. Once you understand the role of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, you can plan a healthy diet. This helps maintain the level it should be. A diabetes consultant or qualified dietitian can help you get started. 

Complications of Type 1 Diabetes:

•  Type 1 diabetes can cause other problems, especially if it is not well controlled. Complications include: 
•  cardiovascular disease. Diabetes can increase the risk of blood clots as well as high blood pressure and cholesterol. These can lead to chest pain, heart attack, stroke, or heart failure skin problems.
• 
  

Blood Clot

•  People with diabetes are more likely to get infected with bacteria and fungi. Diabetes can also cause blisters and rashes. Periodontitis. Lack of saliva, high plaque, and poor circulation can cause mouth problems. 
•  Pregnancy problems. Women with type 1 diabetes are at increased risk of preterm birth, birth defects, stillbirth, and pre-eclampsia. Retinopathy. This eye problem occurs in about 80% of adults who have had type 1 diabetes for more than 15 years.
•  No matter how long you have symptoms, you rarely get puberty. To prevent this and maintain your eyesight, manage your blood sugar, blood pressure, cholesterol, and triglycerides properly. 
• Kidney damage. About 20% to 30% of people with type 1 diabetes develop a condition called nephropathy. Odds increase over time. It is most likely to appear 15 to 25 years after the onset of diabetes. 
• It can lead to other serious problems like kidney failure and heart disease.  Poor blood circulation and nerve damage. Damaged nerves and hardened arteries lead to loss of sensation and poor circulation in the legs.
•  This increases the risk of injury and makes it difficult to heal open wounds and wounds. In that case, you may lose your limbs. Nerve damage can also cause digestive problems such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.  You can take steps to avoid complications. 
•  Do your best to control your blood sugar. Monitor blood pressure and cholesterol.  Eat well and exercise. Stop smoking if you smoke. Take care of your feet and teeth. Please carry out regular health examinations, dental examinations, and ophthalmic examinations.

Ophthalmic Examination

Type 2 Diabetes:

Type 2 diabetes is a lifelong illness that prevents your body from using insulin the way it should. People with type 2 diabetes are said to have insulin resistance. 
 Middle-aged and older people are most likely to develop this type of diabetes. Formerly known as adult-onset diabetes. However, type 2 diabetes also affects children and adolescents, primarily due to childhood obesity.

Obesity

Type  2 is the most common form of diabetes. There are about 29 million people with type 2 diabetes in the United States. An additional 84 million people have prediabetes. That is, your blood sugar (or blood sugar) is high, but not high enough to make you diabetic

Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes:

 

 Symptoms of type 2 diabetes are so mild that they may go unnoticed. I don't know about 8 million people who have it. Symptoms are: 

•  Very thirsty 
•  Lots of pee 
•  Blurred view 
•  Weird 
•  Aching and numbness in the hands and feet 
•  Fatigue / fatigue 
•  Unhealing wounds 
•  Yeast infection that continues to recur 
•  I am hungry 
•  Lose weight without trying 
•  Increased infection 

 If you have a black skin rash on your neck or armpits, see your doctor. These are called acanthosis nigricans and can be a sign that your body is becoming insulin resistant.

 Causes of type 2 Diabetes:

 Your pancreas produces a hormone called insulin. It helps your cells convert glucose, a type of sugar, from the food you eat into energy. People with type 2 diabetes make insulin, but their cells don't use it as they should. 
 First, the pancreas produces more insulin and tries to take glucose into the cells. But in the end, it can't keep up, and instead, glucose accumulates in your blood.

 Usually, a combination of things causes type 2 diabetes. This could contain genes. Scientists have discovered various pieces of DNA that affect the way your body produces insulin.  Extra weight. Overweight and obesity can cause insulin resistance, especially if you are carrying extra weight around the center. metabolic syndrome.

 People who are insulin resistant have many symptoms, including high blood sugar, excess fat around the waist, high blood pressure,  high cholesterol, and triglycerides. There is too much glucose in the liver. When blood sugar levels are low, the liver produces and delivers glucose.

 After eating, blood sugar levels rise, and the liver usually slows down, and later stores glucose. But the liver of some people doesn't do that. They continue to produce sugar. Communication between cells is poor. The cell may send the wrong signal or may not receive the message correctly. 

If these problems affect the production and use of insulin and glucose in cells, chain reactions can lead to diabetes.  Broken beta cells. When the cells that make insulin deliver the wrong amount of insulin at the wrong time,  blood sugar levels drop. Hyperglycemia can also damage these cells.

Risk Factor of Type 2 Diabetes:

Certain causes make you more susceptible to type 2 diabetes. The more of these that apply to you, the more likely you are to get it. Some things are related to who you are: 

•  Age. 45 years and over 
•  Family. Diabetic parents, sisters, or siblings 
•  Ethnicity. African-American, Aboriginal, Native American, Asian-American, Hispanic or Latino-American, or Pacific Islands-American 
•  The risk factors associated with your health and medical history are: 
•  Prediabetes 
•  Diseases of the heart and blood vessels 
•  Hypertension even under treatment and  control 
•  Low HDL ("good") cholesterol 
•  High triglyceride 
•  Overweight or obese 
•  Give birth to a baby weighing over 9 pounds 
•  Gestational diabetes during pregnancy 
•  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) 
•  depression 

 Other things that increase your risk of diabetes have to do with your daily habits and lifestyle. You can do something about this: 

•  Hardly works or not at all 
•  smoking 
•  Emphasis 
•  Sleep too little or too much 

  Diagnosis and testing of type 2 diabetes: 

 Your doctor can test your blood for signs of type 2 diabetes. It is usually tested over two days to confirm the diagnosis. However, if your blood sugar is very high or you have many symptoms, a test may be sufficient.

 

A1c It's like an average blood glucose level over the last couple of months.  Fasting plasma glucose. This is also known as a fasting blood glucose test. Measure your fasting blood glucose. Do not eat or drink anything other than water for 8 hours before the test.  Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).

OGTT

 It measures blood sugar levels before and 2 hours after drinking sweets to see how the body processes blood sugar levels.

Treatment of type 2 diabetes: 

 Treatment of type 2 diabetes includes a combination of lifestyle changes and medications. 

 Lifestyle changes: 

 You may be able to reach your target blood glucose level with just diet and exercise. 

 weight loss. Losing excess weight can help. Losing 5% of your weight is good, but losing at least 7% and maintaining it seems ideal.

 This means that a person who weighs 180 pounds can change their blood sugar by losing about 13 pounds. Weight loss may seem overwhelming, but it's a good idea to start with portion control and a healthy diet.

 Eat a healthy diet. There is no specific diet for type 2 diabetes. A registered dietitian can teach you about carbohydrates and help you create a diet plan that you can stick to. focus on: 

•  Eat fewer calories 
•  Reduce refined carbs, especially sweets 
•  Add vegetables and fruits to your diet 
•  Get more fiber 
•  exercise.
•  Try to do 30-60 minutes of physical activity every day.

 You can run, bike, swim, and do other things to increase your heart rate. Combine this with strength training such as yoga and weightlifting. Pre-workout supplements may be needed if you are taking medications that lower your blood sugar. Pay attention to your blood sugar level.

 Your doctor will tell you if and how often you need to measure your blood sugar, depending on your treatment, especially if you are taking insulin. Medications 

 If lifestyle changes do not meet your blood glucose goals, you may need medications. Metformin is the most common type 2 diabetes (Fortamet, Glucophage, Glumetza, Riomet). This is usually the first drug used to treat type 2 diabetes. It reduces the amount of glucose your liver produces and helps your body respond better to the insulin it produces.

 

Sulfonylurea agent. This group of medicines helps your body produce more insulin. These include glimepiride (Amaryl), glipizide (Glucotrol, Metaglip), and glybrid (DiaBeta, Micronase). Meglitinide. They help your body produce more insulin, and they work faster than sulfonylureas. You can take nateglinide (Starlix) or repaglinide (Prandin).

 Thiazolidinedione. Like metformin, they make you more sensitive to insulin. You can administer pioglitazone (Actos) or rosiglitazone (Avandia). 

Pioglitazone

However, it also increases the risk of heart problems and is usually not the first treatment option. DPP-4 inhibitor. These medicines — linagliptin (Tradjenta), saxagliptin (Onglyza), and sitagliptin (Januvia) — help lower blood sugar levels, but they can also cause joint pain and inflame the pancreas.  GLP-1 receptor agonist.

 Take these medicines with a needle to slow digestion and lower blood sugar levels. Some of the most common  are exenatide (Byetta, Bydureon), liraglutide (Victoza), and semaglutide (Ozempic).  SGLT2 inhibitor. These help your kidneys filter more glucose. You may get canagliflozin (Invokana), dapagliflozin (Farxiga), or empagliflozin (Jardiance). Empagliflozin is effective in reducing the risk of hospitalization and death from heart failure. 

 GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonists. Tirzepatide (Munjaro), the first in its class, activates both  GLP-1 and GIP receptors and improves glycemic control.  Insulin. You can take long-acting shots at night, such as insulin detemir (Levemir) and insulin glargine (Lantus). 

 Even if you change your lifestyle and take your medication as prescribed, your blood sugar may worsen over time. That doesn't mean you did something wrong. Diabetes is progressive and many people ultimately need multiple medications. 

 When taking multiple medications to control type 2 diabetes, is called combination therapy. 

 You and your doctor need to work together to find the best blend for you. Usually, you continue to take metformin and add something else. 

 What this is may depend on your situation. Some medicines control, for example, the spikes in blood sugar that occur immediately after a meal (doctors sometimes call this hyperglycemia).

Spikes

Others are more effective at stopping the drop in blood sugar levels (hypoglycemia) between meals. 

Some may help with weight loss and cholesterol levels as well as diabetes. 

 Talk to your doctor about possible side effects. Cost can also be an issue. 

 If you are taking any other medicine, you need to take that into account. 

 You should see your doctor more often when you start taking a new combination of medicines. 

 Adding a second medicine may not control your blood sugar. Or, the combination of the two drugs has only short-term effects. In this case, your doctor may consider a third non-insulin drug, or you may start insulin therapy.

Prevention of type 2 diabetes: 

 A healthy lifestyle helps reduce the risk of diabetes will decrease. With only 7-10% weight loss, you can halve your risk of type 2 diabetes. To be active. A 30-minute walk a day reduces risk by nearly a third.  Eat properly. Avoid highly processed carbohydrates, sweet drinks,  trans fats, and saturated fats. Limit red and processed meats.  

Quit smoking. Work with your doctor to prevent weight gain after quitting and solve other problems to prevent problems. Complications of type 2 diabetes 

 Over time, hyperglycemia can damage and cause the following problems: 

 Heart and blood vessels. You are up to five times more likely to develop heart disease or stroke.

 It also increases the risk of blood vessel obstruction (atherosclerosis) and chest pain (angina). kidney. If your kidneys are damaged or have renal failure, you may need dialysis or renal replacement therapy eye.

Eye Therapy

Hyperglycemia can damage small blood vessels behind the eyes (retinopathy). If this is not treated, it can lead to blindness. bothersome. This can cause problems with digestion, foot sensation, and sexual response skin. The wounds heal more slowly and can become infected because their blood does not circulate either. pregnancy. Women with diabetes are more likely to have a  baby with a miscarriage, stillbirth, or birth defect sleepy. You may develop sleep apnea. This is a condition in which breathing stops and resumes during sleep. listen. Hearing problems are likely, but the reason is not clear. brain. 

Hyperglycemia can damage the brain and increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease. depression. People in this condition are twice as likely to be depressed as those who are not. The best way to avoid these complications is to take care of type 2 diabetes. 

Hyperglycemia

 Take diabetes medication or insulin on time.  Check your blood sugar level. Eat properly and do not skip meals.  See your doctor regularly to see early signs of the problem.