Physiological Diseases Part 2

 This article contains the Next Two types of Diabetes. The first Two Types of Diabetes are explained In the previous article.

• Gestational Diabetes:

• Gestational diabetes is a condition in which blood sugar levels rise during pregnancy. It affects up to 10% of pregnant women in the United States each year. It affects pregnant women who have never been diagnosed with diabetes.

 There are two classes of gestational diabetes. Grade A1 women can manage it through diet and exercise. If you have Class A2, you should take insulin or other medications. 

 Gestational diabetes disappears after childbirth. However, it can affect your baby's health and increase your risk of developing type 2 diabetes in later years. There are steps you can take to keep you and your baby healthy. 

  Symptoms of gestational diabetes: 

 Women with gestational diabetes are usually asymptomatic or may be due to pregnancy. Most people find out that they have it during regular screening.  You may notice that: 

 you are thirsty than usual 

•  You are hungry and eating more than usual 
•  You pee more than the usual 
•  causes of gestational diabetes 

 When eaten, the pancreas releases insulin. Insulin helps move sugar, called glucose, from the blood to cells and use it as energy. 

 During pregnancy, the placenta produces hormones that cause blood sugar levels to accumulate in the blood. Normally, the pancreas can send enough insulin to process it. However, if the body is unable to make enough insulin or stops using insulin, blood sugar levels will rise and gestational diabetes will occur.

Gestational Diabetes Risk Factors: 

 You`re more likely to get gestational diabetes if you: 

 Were overweight before you got pregnant 

•  Are African-American, Asian, Hispanic, Alaska Native, Pacific Islander, or Native American 
•  Have blood sugar levels that are higher than they should be but not high enough to be diabetes (this is called prediabetes) 
•  Have a family member with diabetes 
•  Have had gestational diabetes before 
•  Have polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or another health condition linked to problems with insulin 
•  Have high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart disease, or other medical complications 
•  Have given birth to a large baby (weighing more than 9 pounds) 
•  Have had a miscarriage 
•  Have given birth to a baby who was stillborn or had certain birth defects 
•  Are older than 25 
•  Gestational Diabetes Tests and Diagnosis 

 Gestational diabetes usually happens in the second half of pregnancy. Your doctor will check for it between weeks 24 and 28, or sooner if you`re at high risk. 

 Your doctor will give you a glucose tolerance test: You`ll drink 50 grams of glucose in a sweet drink, which will raise your blood sugar. An hour later, you`ll take a blood glucose test to see how your body handled all that sugar. 

If the results show that your blood sugar is higher than a certain level, you`ll need a 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test, meaning you`ll get a blood glucose test 3 hours after you drink a 100-gram glucose drink. Doctors can also do this by fasting for 12 hours and then doing a 75-gram glucose drink and a 2-hour blood glucose test. 

 If the risk is high but the test results are normal, your doctor may retest late in pregnancy to make sure you are not pregnant yet. 

 Treatment for gestational diabetes: 

 If you have gestational diabetes, you should be treated as soon as possible to keep you and your baby healthy during pregnancy and childbirth. Your doctor asks you: 

 to check your blood sugar at least 4 times a day 

 Check your urine for ketone bodies, a chemical that means diabetes is uncontrolled 

 Eat healthily  

 Get into exercise habits 

 Your doctor will monitor your weight and your baby's development. They may give you insulin or other medications to control your blood sugar levels.

Target blood glucose level for pregnant women: 

Blood Sugar

 The American Diabetes Association recommends these goals for pregnant women testing blood glucose levels: 

 pre-meal: 95 mg / dL or less 

 1 hour after  meal: 140 mg / dl or less 

 2 hours after  meal: 120 mg / dl or less 

 Diet and exercise in gestational diabetes 

 To stay healthy, follow these simple steps: 

 Eat a healthy, low-carbohydrate diet. Talk to your doctor to make sure you are getting the nutrients you need. Follow your diabetic diet plan:

 Replace sweet snacks such as 

•   cookies, candies, and ice cream with natural sugars such as fruits, carrots, and raisins. 
• Pay attention to the portion size, including vegetables and whole grains.
•  Eat three small meals with two or three snacks at about the same time each day. 
•  Get 40% of your daily calories from carbohydrates and 20% from protein.
•  Most carbohydrates should be complex high fiber carbohydrates containing 25% to 40% fat. 
• Aim for 20-35 grams of fiber per day. Foods such as whole wheat bread, cereals, and pasta.
•  Brown rice or wild rice; oatmeal;  vegetables and fruits will help you get there.
• 
  
•   Limit total fat to less than 40% of your daily calories.
•  Saturated fats should make up less than 10% of all the calories you eat.
•   Eat a variety of foods to ensure you get enough vitamins and minerals.
•  You may need to take supplements to cover your base.
•  Ask your doctor if they think you should take it. Move during your pregnancy. 
• If you have gestational diabetes, you can exercise as long as your doctor says it's okay.
•  Being active is a great way to control your blood sugar levels.
•  Maintaining good health during pregnancy is good for your posture and can help reduce common problems such as back pain and fatigue. 
•  Take action as soon as possible. Aim for the medium activity for 30 minutes most days of the week. Running, walking, swimming and cycling are good options.
•  Did you have any training before you realized you were pregnant? Do you have a favorite activity? Ask your doctor if you can keep it, if you need to make some changes, or if it's better to try something else.  Exercise can lower blood sugar levels.
•  Therefore, always have some form of sugar, such as dextrose tablets or candy balls, when exercising.

Dextrose Tablets

Prevention of gestational diabetes: 

 You can reduce your risk before you become pregnant: 

1.  Eat a healthy diet 
2.  Stay active 
3.  Lose extra weight 

 Does Gestational Diabetes Affect My Baby? If you and your doctor monitor your blood sugar levels while you have gestational diabetes, your baby is likely to be healthy.

 

 Immediately after birth, your doctor will check your newborn's blood sugar levels. If it is low, they may need to get glucose through  IV until it returns to normal.

 

 Gestational diabetes increases the chances of having a baby larger than normal. It is also associated with jaundice and makes the skin look yellowish. Jaundice generally fades rapidly with treatment. 

 Your child is more likely to develop type 2 diabetes later than other children, but a healthy lifestyle (including proper diet and good physical activity) can take this risk. Can be reduced. 

 Do you have type 2 diabetes? Since you had gestational diabetes, you are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes. But that will never happen, and there are steps you can take to prevent it. 

 Blood glucose is expected to return to normal about 6 weeks after birth. (The doctor will check this.) In this case, a follow-up visit should be done every 3 years. 

 To reduce risk: 

 Try to keep your weight in a healthy range. Don't know what this is? Please consult your doctor.  Eat a good diet high in vegetables, whole grains, fruits, and lean protein.  Make exercise a habit.  If you plan to have another child, keep in mind that you are more likely to have gestational diabetes again. Ask your doctor if there are lifestyle changes that will help you avoid them.

Prediabetes:

• Prediabetes is a warning sign that type 2 diabetes (T2D), which affects 1 in 10 adults in the United States, may occur in the future. This usually means that blood sugar levels are higher than normal, but not yet sufficient for diagnosing type 2 diabetes. 
• 
  

  

  Prediabetes

  
  

•   Fortunately, prediabetes has no serious symptoms. Think of it as a call for action. "The way I explain prediabetes to patients is that your body is having a hard time keeping your blood sugar in a healthy range," says nutritionist Lauren Antonucci, RD. "Don't panic, but you need to start making real changes to your diet and lifestyle to prevent your blood sugar spikes and change to type 2."
• 
  

• Causes of Prediabetes:
• Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas that helps the body convert glucose into fuel. When you eat, the carbohydrates in your food are converted to glucose, also known as blood sugar. 
•  This glucose stays in the bloodstream until the pancreas releases insulin. Insulin acts like a key and is used to open cells, enter glucose, and fuel the body. In the absence of insulin, or when insulin is not functioning effectively, this glucose clogs and accumulates in the bloodstream, causing blood sugar spikes. 
•  In type 2 diabetes, the pancreas can produce insulin, which gradually diminishes its ability to take glucose into cells. 
•  Prediabetes indicates that your body is starting to use insulin more efficiently than necessary. In other words, your body begins to become insulin resistant. When the body resists insulin, the level of glucose in the blood rises, leading to prediabetes. If you continue this process and proceed, you will have type 2 diabetes.

• Symptoms of Prediabetes:
• “If you can easily find prediabetes, it doesn't have to take years to be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes,” says Antonucci. 
•  Adults are usually asymptomatic or have very mild or mild symptoms of insulin resistance that go unnoticed for years. However, there may be a warning sign. 

1.  Increased thirst 
2.  Increased hunger 
3.  Fatigue 
4.  Weight loss of unknown cause 
5.  Frequent urination 

Frequent Urination

•    The last symptom is that the body produces more urine due to excess sugar in the bloodstream. It occurs to wash away glucose. 
• The more you urinate, the more likely you are to become dehydrated, which can lead to a cycle of increased signals of hunger and thirst.
•  Symptoms of diabetes in men can also cause sexual problems such as erectile dysfunction (ED) and decreased libido.

• Risk Factor of Prediabetes:
• One of the following increases your risk of developing prediabetes: 
•  Unhealthy diet. A diet high in sugar and processed foods raises blood pressure, raises LDL or "bad" cholesterol levels in addition to blood sugar levels, and carries the risk of developing prediabetes. 
•  Overweight. If you are medically overweight, you are at an increased risk of developing prediabetes. This is especially true if you have a lot of extra weight in your abdomen. It is known as visceral fat and may be involved in insulin resistance. 
•  A sedentary lifestyle with little or no physical activity. Being highly inactive contributes to insulin resistance and weight gain, both of which can lead to prediabetes. Try to exercise for at least 30 minutes a day, even for a walk alone. Family history of type 
• 2 diabetes. Prediabetes has a genetic factor. If your relatives have or have had T2D in the past, you are more likely to develop prediabetes and type 2 diabetes yourself.
•  Your race and ethnicity also affect your chances of developing prediabetes. Although there are genetic factors, studies show that racial differences in the development of diabetes are more related to socioeconomic status than genes and accessibility to health care and a healthy diet in the community. I know that. 

Ethnicity

•  History of gestational diabetes. If you become diabetic during pregnancy, you may be at increased risk of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. 
•  Smoking. Nicotine in tobacco reduces the sensitivity of cells to insulin and increases glucose in the blood. Other chemicals in tobacco cause inflammation, making it difficult for these cells to absorb insulin. 
•  Older. The older you get, the more vulnerable you become. By the age of 45, the chances of developing prediabetes begin to increase. By retirement age, nearly 25% of older people over the age of 65 have prediabetes.

• Complications of Prediabetes:
• Prediabetes has no complications, but if left untreated, it can progress to type 2 diabetes and cause serious complications. Some complications of T2D are.
•  Hypertension 
•  Stroke 

Stroke

•  Kidney Injury 
•  Eye Injury 
•  Nervous Disorder 
•  Skin infections 
•  Sleep apnea 
•  Diabetic rash

Treatment of Prediabetes:

If detected early, prediabetes can usually be remedied with diet and exercise. Depending on the high blood sugar levels at the time of initial diagnosis, doctors may decide to prescribe medications or combinations to return glucose to healthy levels. 

 "It's not easy to take medicine to treat pre-diabetes," says Antonucci. “Blood sugar, A1C, medical history, and other complications can lead to situations where you need to add medication to your treatment plan to avoid type 2 diabetes. This is a case-by-case basis, so your doctor. Work with us to make it happen. "To get the best treatment for you."